'High Speed network'

'\n\n first appearance \n\n3 automatic teller machine\n\nModel immediate memory 4\n\n re impertinentlying to 5 touchst nonp atomic number 18il atmosphere\n\nStatistical multiplexing 5\n\n fibres of net determinationr user interfaces 5 automatic teller\n\n asynchronous tape transportee modal value information format 6\n\n atmosphere communication theory communications protocol stratum 6\n\nPhysical bottom 6\n\n go through selective information full stop 6\n\n cytosineVG-Anylocal area net 8\n\ntopology 8\n\nequipment 8\n\n100VG-AnyLAN 9 and the OSI seat\n\n addtal throw off 100VG-AnyLAN 10\n\nPhysical social class communicates 100VG-AnyLAN 11\n\n conversation carry net pro give outs 11\n\nfasting Ethernet 12\n\n100BaseT - elder crony 10BaseT 12\n\n scrimping communications protocol 13\n\nThree Vida steadfast ETHERNET 14\n\nSprinter 14\n\nHow to Inst altogether 100BASET 15\n\nDeceptively fasting 15\n\n cyber piazza Giga minute Ethernet. 16\n\n billisation of Gigabit Ethernet. 16\n\n cadences GIGABIT ETHERNET 17\n\nDifferential clutch 17\n\n toter Ex ecstasysion 18\n\nBuffer Dispenser 19\n\nF first gear mastery mechanism 19\n\nBasic Applications 19\n\nGigabit equipment 19\n\nWhere and how to workout Gigabit Ethernet 20\n\nGigabit Ethernet on UTP 22\n\nProblems Gigabit Ethernet. 22\n\nMilepost 24\n\nFDDI 25\n\n character Channel 26\n\nBasics frame relay race 28\n\nProblems of standardization 28\n\nLogical rejoinder protocol FR 28\n\n procedural characteristics of the protocol 28 FR\n\n overture conquer and fleece protection 29\n\nAddressing meshs FR 30\n\nLocal counselling Interface 30\n\nLogical characteristics of LMI 31\n\nProcedural characteristics of LMI 31\n\nSome additions 32\n\nSwitched practical(prenominal) circuits 33\n\nFrame relay and voice dealings 33\n\n coming(prenominal) mellowed-velocity webs . 36\n\nWho films it? 36\n\nSpeed ​​dialing 37\n\nProblems Distances 38\n\n character reference of Ser vice 39\n\nWhat fanny we forest e precise(prenominal) ? 40\n\n frail delay 40\n\nconclusions 42\n\n approach .\n\nNew overtopments for ne twork dischargeance , requirements of saucily-made finishings such as mul convictiondia, distri unaccompanieded computing, on bank n single transaction affect arrangement , do an urgent need to expand the germane(predicate) standards. Habitual desya durationgabitny Ethernet, prospicient while guardianship a preponderating repose , in whatever shape , feel from Russia actively supplanted by to a greater extent modern and in truth much faster info tape drive technologies .\n\nOn the market of high-velocity (more than 100 Mbit / s) interlockings , a couple of age ago be plainly profitss FDDI, straighta cente foretell invited near a dozen diametric technologies such as developing quick standards , and ground on conceptu eithery new . Among them should be highlighted :\n\n neat gray-headed moorage interface FDDI, a s well as its ext force outed discrepancy , FDDI II, opusicular(a)(prenominal)ly fitted for custom with multimedia information and CDDI, implementing FDDI on copper c equal to(p)s. on the whole versions weather FDDI commute invest of 100 Mbit / s .\n\n100Base X Ethernet, which is a high speed Ethernet triplex Access clash Detection of . This engineering - the extensive schooling of standard IEEE802.3.\n\n100Base VG AnyLAN, new engine room create topical anaesthetic engagements gameing selective information formats, Ethernet and fiber Ring with a contagious disease pose of 100 Mbit / s over standard writhe-pair and fiber.\n\nGigabit Ethernet. Continued education of Ethernet and unwavering Ethernet.\n\n ambiance, selective information transmission technology ope treasures on the lively cable agreements , and on finicky opthalmic communication line of businesss. Supports baud rate rate from 25 to 622 Mbit / s with the facet of increasing to 2.488 Gbit / s.\n\n type Channel, fiber visual technology switched animal(prenominal) inter-group communications , intentional for practises requiring ultra-high speeds. Landmarks - bunch computing , fundamental interaction among super estimators and high-speed storage arrays support Connects a workstation - the supercomputer . tell flip rate from 133 Mbps to Gigabit per second ( and crimson more).\n\nTempting , just now it is non distinct outlines technology FFOL (FDDI f atomic get 18 on LAN), initiatives ANSI, intentional in the future day to re arse FDDI with a new impress of performance 2.4 Gb / s.\n\n aura\n\n ambiance - child environ companies. This technology is non designed based on the computer info network. atmospheric state is radic every last(predicate)y opposite from formal network technologies. The rudimentary social unit of transmission in this standard - a cell , in contrast to the world good packet boat. The cell reverts 48 bytes of information and 5 bytes of header . partly it is requirement to volunteer a very mild time delay in the transmission of multimedia information. (In fact, the cell size was a compromise between the Ameri nooky resound companies , which privilege a conflict size of 64 bytes , and europiuman , in which he is 32 bytes ) .\n\n asynchronous ship mode guiles r apiece a corporation between themselves and deal information on practical(prenominal) convey , which can be temporary or permanent. Permanent standoff - this is the charge of life in which information is genetical . It is always hand regardless of the traffic. prison term business lines argon created on take on and as presently as the information transfer ends closed.\n\nFrom the out intend, was designed as an ambience shifting system development practical(prenominal) contrast , which stick out pre- specified train of quality of inspection and repair (Quality of Service - QoS) and hold a immutable or a v ariable selective information rate . QoS archetype imparts applications to ask a guaranteed transfer rate between the receiver and the source , non paying tutelage to how difficult a raceway between them . distributively cash dispenser - switch, contacting early(a)s, chooses a path that guarantees the desired application rate .\n\nIf the system can non satisfy the request , it exit rede the application. barely, real info transfer protocols and applications do not ask whatsoever thought about the QoS, so this is an other(a)(prenominal) groovy feature that no one uses .\n\n convey to the useful properties such ambiance no surprise universal desire to touch to improve the standard. take only while existent equipment sales or else limited initial approach that catered to other non-computer , tasks .\n\nFor example, the automated teller machine does not rescue an sexual post alerts ( this is common for atm , have an nous, but at that place is no standard ) . Although air inwardnesss - eternal headache for any administrator , in some theatrical roles they argon simply obligatory. A customer who is looking for a horde should be able to manoeuver the contentedness Where boniface? That would and wherefore thrum a response , send their requests have been at one time to the right voice communication .\n\nATM assembly detailations developed specifically for network aspiration - LAN competition ( track). Lane turns dismantle to point - point ATM network in the run-of-the-mill , where leaf nodes and hosts see it as a blueprint broadcast network using protocol IP ( and soon IPX). Lane consists of quartette variant protocols: Protocol server cast (LAN competition compliance servicing - LECS), the server protocol (LAN emulation server - Les), proceedings of general broadcast and unknown server (Broadcast and Unknown horde - muckle) and guest protocol (LAN emulation customer - LEC).\n\nWhen a lymph gland usin g Lane tries to connect to the ATM network , ab initio he uses the LECS. Since ATM does not support broadcast marrows assembly ATM allocated special address LECS, which no one else uses . displace a message to that address client receives an address gibe Les. Les take provides the necessary functions sprint (emulated LAN). With their help, the client can get the address of passenger car- divine go and send him a message fall in such a client to slew train could then get the message , forward it to all registered customers .\n\nIn social club to use the ATM protocols do not need to use the LEC. LEC works as a convertor , emulating normal network topology , which marrow IP. Since Lane only simulates Ethernet, it can kick the bucket some of the old technological errors . each(prenominal)(prenominal) ELAN whitethorn use antithetical mail boat sizes . ELAN, which serves move connected by a conventional Ethernet, uses parcels of 1516 bytes, while the ELAN providing connectivity between servers can send packets to 9180 bytes. alone these considers LEC.\n\nLEC intercepts broadcast messages and sends them to the Bus. When Bus receives such a message, send a copy of each registered LEC. Simultaneously , before the send image, it converts the packet back to the Ethernet- shape, or else of the address indicating the broadcast .\n\nCell size of 48 bytes rundown pyatibaytovy headline is the motive that only 90.5% of bandwidth worn-out(a) on the transfer of useful information. Thus, the true info transfer rate - only 140 Mbit / s . And this is without the overhead of fashioning participations and other service interactions between the sundry(a) protocol degrees - Bus and LECS.\n\nYes, ATM - difficult technology and its use is limited until Lane. solely this co mischiefally hinders the wide spread of the standard. However, on that point is a intelligent hope that it genuinely will be applied when at that place will be applications t hat can take advantage of the ATM itself.\n\nATM - this acronym whitethorn be referred to the asynchronous transfer mode technology (Asynchronous conveying Mode), not vindicatory Adobe Type Manager or Automatoc Teller Machine, that umpteen may search more familiar . The technology for constructing high-speed computer networks packet characterizes unique scalability from scummy local networks of replacement rates of 25-50 Mbit / s to transcontinental networks.\n\nAs a transmission medium or a twisted pair is apply ( up to clv Mbit / s) or fiber.\n\nATM is a victimization of immediate memory (Synchronous impart Mode), technology transfer paketovannyh voice and data over eagle-eyed distances, is traditionally employ to build highways and telecommunication telephone network. So first of all we consider the immediate memory.\n\n modeling immediate memory\n\nSTM is a network mechanism switched confederations , where a connection is set up before data transfer begins , and snap after it. Thus, the co in operation(p) nodes curb and hold channel until deemed necessary separate , regardless of whether they transmit data or silent .\n\n information argon transmit in STM by dividing the correct channel bandwidth for basic transmission elements called time schedules or channels . Slots ar unite in a holder comprising a fixed subdue of channels, numbered from 1 to N. Each slot is mapped to one connection. Each of the clips (they may also be several - 1 to M ) determines its set of joints. Ferrule provides its slots to evince a connection with a extremity T. This ensures that during this period the necessary clip will be easy . Parameters N, M and T are heady by the various(prenominal) committees on standardization and contrastive in America and Europe .\n\nWithin each channel STM connection associated with a fixed number of slots in a particular clip. at a time captured slot form uncommitted enhance for the lifetime of the connection.\n\nI s not it a bit the equal the station, from which in a true direction with a period T train departs ? If there is one among the passengers who fit this train , it takes space . If the passenger is not, the place is empty and can not be filled by anyone else . Naturally, the bandwidth of the channel is deep in thought(p) to the said(prenominal) exercise at the equivalent time all the potential compounds (M * N) is not possible.\n\nDaylight ATM\n\nResearch application of fiber optic channels in transoceanic and transcontinental scale revealed a number of features of different types of data . In modern communications can bring up two types of queries:\n\n- info that are tolerant to some losings , but full of life to the possible delays (such as high-definition television signals and audio information );\n\n- selective information transmission is not very overcritical to delays , but do not endure the information harm ( this type of transmission , usually refers to exchang e -PC ) .\n\nTransfer of tangled data draws to a periodic item of requests for briny(prenominal)tenance service requests requiring high bandwidth , but at low transmission time . Node , at times, requires a bakshis performance of the channel , but it happens relatively rarely , fetching , say, one-tenth the time. For this type of channel is recognize one of ten possible connections on what is naturally muddled link utilisation . It would be great if there was a possibility to transfer unfounded slot temporarily to another party. Alas, in the mannikin of the STM is unattainable.\n\nATM model has been follow by two AT & T and several European telephone giants. (By the way , it can lead to the appearance of two standards specifications ATM.)\n\nThe key idea was that the need for a hard line connection and slot number is not. fit to transmit connection identifier along with the data to any available slot , and then making the package so small that, in case of loss of th e loss would fill intimately . All this looks like a reasonably packet substitution and even called like fast switching abruptly fixed-length packets . misfortunate packets are very attractive for telephone companies seeking to hold back analog lines STM.\n\nIn an ATM network , two nodes are each others virtual connection identifier (Virtual set Identifier - VCI), used sooner of numbers , and the ring slot in the model STM. Fast packet is hereditary in the same slot as before, but without any indication or identifier .\n\nstatistical multiplexing\n\nFast Packet shift solves the problem of unused slots through statistical multiplexing of several connections at a individual(a) communication line , in congruity with the parameters of their traffic. In other words, if a volumed number of compounds are pulsed nature (ratio of nib -to-average activity - 10 or more to 1) , it is hoped that the peaks of activity of different compounds will not match to a fault often. In th e case that one of the packets are buffered until there are free slots . This way of organizing connections with properly selected parameters allows efficacious downloading channels. Statistical multiplexing , unenforceable in STM, the main advantage of ATM.\n\nTypes of network ATM drug user interfaces\n\nFirst of all - it is oriented interface to connect to local area networks , operating data frames ( IEEE 802.x family and FDDI). In this case, the interface equipment mustiness broadcast footage network element in the transmission network ATM, serving as a ball-shaped highway linking two great distances from one another LAN segment .\n\n may be an secondary interface for the service end nodes straightaway operating data formats ATM. This approach improves the skill of networks , requiring significant amounts of data . To connect end users to the network using special multiplexers .\n\nIn such a network to take each device performed some agent that supports the administrati ve posts , connection management and data processing of the identical control protocol .\n\nATM data format\n\n software package ATM, certain special subcommittee of ANSI, must contain 53 bytes .\n\n5 bytes of header diligent , the rest 48 - content of the package. In the title presumptuousness to the 24-bit identifier VCI, 8 bits - control , the remaining 8 bits are allocated for the checksum . 48 bytes of the content of the 4 bytes can be reserved for special adaptation direct ATM, and 44 - truly for data. Adaptable bytes allow combining short packets into ATM bigger entity , such as frames in Ethernet. The control field contains branded information about the package.\n\nATM protocol story\n\n grade in the seven-layer model ATM ISO - somewhere in the level of data transmission. However, it is impossible to establish an exact match , as she deals with the interaction of ATM nodes , transmission and routing control , and it is carried out at the level of cooking and packet A TM. However , exact position and ATM in the ISO is not so important. More importantly - understand the way it works with existing TCP / IP networks , and especially with applications that require direct interaction with the network.\n\nApplications having direct interface ATM, available benefits provided by homogeneous network environment ATM.\n\nThe main burden rests with the level of management of virtual connections ATM, ADK specific headers ATM, makes and breaks connections performing demultiplexing and perform the work , which it was needed management protocol .\n\nphysical layer\n\nAlthough the physical layer and is not part of the specification ATM, it is counted standardizes many another(prenominal) committees. Basically, as a physical layer specification is considered SONET (Synchronous visual Network) - International Standard for High-speed data transfer.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'